1. Anhwea ne abotan, quartz anhwea filter media .
1). Single-Layer filter media wɔ 1829 mu, Chelsea Nsu a Wɔde Ma wɔ London, England, yɛɛ afiri a wɔde yi nsu a ɛyɛ brɛoo a edi kan a wɔde yɛ nneɛma ankasa. Bere a slow filter tank no reyɛ adwuma no, efĩ a ɛsensɛn nsu no mu no kɔ so boaboa ano wɔ filter membrane no mu, na ɛma filtration resistance no kɔ soro na ɛma filtration rate no so tew nkakrankakra. Enti, wɔ asram 2 kosi 3 a wɔde ayɛ adwuma akyi no, ɛsɛ sɛ wɔsan yɛ no foforo na wɔsan de di dwuma. Wɔ 1885 mu no, Amerikafo yɛɛ afiri a wɔde yi nsu ntɛmntɛm no na wɔyɛɛ afiri a wɔde yi nsu ntɛmntɛm a edi kan wɔ 1909 mu, na ɛmaa sintɔ ahorow a ɛwɔ afiri a wɔde yi nsu a ɛyɛ brɛoo no mu no yɛɛ yiye na ɛmaa ahoɔhare a wɔde yi nsu no yɛɛ kɛse. Saa bere yi, filtration no yɛ single-layer filtration, na filter media no yɛ anhwea ne abotan, quartz anhwea, ne nea ɛkeka ho.
2). Multi-Layer filter media a ɛkɔ so nya nkɔso wɔ filtration mfiridwuma mu no, ɔman no mu ne amannɔne nhwehwɛmufo ahyɛ multi-layer filter media filtration ho nyansa nnidiso nnidiso. Multi-layer filter media a wɔtaa de di dwuma wɔ aplikeshɔn mu no yɛ mmɔho-layer filter media ne mprɛnsa-Layer filter media. Wɔ afe 1940 mu no, United States dii kan yɛɛ-layer filter tank no mmɔho abien. Saa filter yi de hann filter ade a ɛwɔ density a ɛba fam ne particle kɛse kɛse di dwuma wɔ upper layer no mu, ne heavy filter material a ɛwɔ density a ɛkorɔn ne particle size ketewa wɔ ase layer no mu. Operation data kyerɛ sɛ efĩ a ɛkura tumi a ɛwɔ double-layer filter material no yɛ atetesɛm single-layer filter material no mmɔho abien, na filtration rate no kɔ soro bɛboro mpɛn 0.5. Nhwehwɛmu a wɔyɛe wɔ abiɛsa-layer filter material mfiridwuma ho no fii ase wɔ 1960 mfe no mu, na mpɛn pii no wɔde fango, anhwea, ne garnet dii dwuma sɛ nneɛma a wɔde yiyi nneɛma mu. Filtration rate a saa filter tank yi wɔ mfiase filtration no betumi ayɛ mpɛn 3 sen biako-layer rapid filter tank ne 2 mpɛn a fango-anhwea abien-layer filter tank.
Wɔ nnansa yi mfe mu no, afie mu nhwehwɛmufo nso anya nkɔso a ɛne no hyia wɔ nneɛma a wɔde yiyi nneɛma mu no mu, na nea ɛtaa ba ne activated carbon ne quartz anhwea a wɔaka abom. Zhang Sheng ne afoforo a wofi Tsinghua Sukuupɔn mu suaa sɛnea wɔyɛ nsu a ɛkorɔn-nsu fibea nsu denam carbon a wɔayɛ no adwuma-quartz anhwea abien-Layer deep bed filter so. Nea efii mu bae no kyerɛe sɛ activated carbon-quartz anhwea abien-Layer deep bed filter with integrated flotation filtration no nyinaa algae yiyi 95.1%, a chlorophyll yiyi 92.2%, a ɛyɛ outlet turbidity yiyi a woyi fi 54.3.3%, oxygen a wɔde yi rate rate of 63, ne rate of chrote rate of 63.
3). Homogeneous filter media Filter bed a saa filter media yi hyehyɛ no wɔ nsunsuansoɔ akɛseɛ, mfimfini, ne nketewa wɔ ɔfa biara mu firi soro kɔsi aseɛ, na wɔn mu biara yɛ pɛ anaa ɛbɛn. Void ratio a ɛwɔ filter media no mu wɔ filter bed no atifi ne ase no yɛ ade koro, ma enti flow state a filter bed nsu no nso fa mu no yɛ pɛ. Homogeneous filter media betumi adi soro a ɛyɛ mmerɛw no so nkonim yiye, na flocs no hyɛn filter bed no mu kɔ akyiri na ama wɔanya nkɛntɛnso a ɛne sɛ wobeyi nsu pii afi mu ne nsu pa.
2. Ceramic granule afiri a wɔde yiyi nneɛma mu .
Wobetumi ahu ceramsite a wohuu no wɔ 1885 mu, nanso Sjhayde na ɛyɛɛ no ankasa wɔ 1918. Me man no fii ase suaa sɛnea wɔyɛ ceramsite ne sɛnea wɔde di dwuma wɔ 1950 mfe no mfiase mu hɔ. Ceramsite yɛ mfiridwuma mu nwura nkaeɛ, nwura anaa nneɛma a wɔde yɛ aboɔden aboɔ a wɔtow gu ne shale a ɛwɔ fam. Micropores a ɛwɔ ceramsite no mu no yɛ porous, a ɛma ceramsite no wɔ su a ɛyɛ bulk density nketewa, ahoɔden a ɛkorɔn ne nnuru a ɛtumi gyina ano. Ceramsite filter material no ani pɔtee no yɛ quartz anhwea afiri no mmɔho 6 kosi 8, na porosity no yɛ quartz anhwea no mmɔho 1.7 kosi 2.2.
Wɔ nnansa yi mfe mu no, wɔde ceramsite adi dwuma kɛse sɛ abɔde a nkwa wom a wɔde yɛ nsu fĩ ho adwuma, a nsu fĩ a wɔde yɛ adwuma yiye, na ammonia nitrogen a woyi fi hɔ no betumi adu bɛboro 90%. Kato ne afoforo. Wɔde ceramic fillers a ɛwɔ porous mu a wɔde di dwuma de sa aduan fĩ. Bere a hydraulic retention bere no yɛ 30.17h no, sɛ wɔkyekyem pɛpɛɛpɛ a, COD a woyi fi hɔ no boro 87%. Mprempren, ɔman no mu ne amannɔne nhwehwɛmufo ayɛ ceramsite filter nneɛma foforo te sɛ enzymatic ceramsite, kurukuruwa lightweight ceramsite, ne nano{7}}asesa ceramsite a egyina amanne kwan so ceramsite. Enzymatic ceramsite titiriw na ɛde tumi a ɛma enzymes tumi yɛ adwuma no di dwuma ma ayaresa tumi no yɛ kɛse; Spherical lightweight ceramsite wɔ mfaso a ɛwɔ so a ɛyɛ mmerɛw, ɛyɛ den a ɛyɛ mmerɛw, ahoɔden a ɛkorɔn, ne friction resistance; Nano-Ceramsite a wɔayɛ no foforo no de nanotechnology di dwuma de sesa filter ade no. Filter ade no ani wɔ nanoparticles, a ɛma ɛyɛ den sen ayaresa tumi.
3. Nneɛma a wɔde yiyi nneɛma mu a wɔayɛ no foforo .
Sɛ yesusuw nneɛma a wɔde yiyi nneɛma mu a wɔtaa de di dwuma te sɛ quartz anhwea, ceramsite, ne anthracite no ani a ɛyɛ kakraa bi no ho a, charge a enye a ɛwɔ asase ani wɔ tebea horow a ɛnyɛ nea ɛfa biribiara ho anaasɛ ɛnyɛ nea ɛho hia ho no, nhwehwɛmufo ayɛ nneɛma a wɔde yiyi nneɛma mu a wɔayɛ no foforo, a abɛyɛ asɛmti a ɛyɛ hyew a wɔde yɛ nhwehwɛmu kɛse. Filter material a wɔasesa no ne sɛ ɛbɛkata modifier no so wɔ carrier filter material no ani so denam honam fam ne nnuru a ɛyɛ adwuma so, na ɛnam so asesa honam fam ne nnuru su a ɛwɔ mfitiase filter material no ani no, a ebetumi ama filter ade no tumi atumi asiw efĩ ne ne tumi a ɛde twetwe nneɛma titiriw bi no atu mpɔn, na ama nsu a ɛwɔ nsu no mu no atu mpɔn. Adeyɛ ada no adi sɛ nneɛma a wɔayɛ no foforo a wɔde yiyi nneɛma mu no betumi ama nneɛma a wɔde yiyi mu no ani pɔtee no ayɛ kɛse na ama ne tumi a ɛwɔ mu no ayɛ kɛse, sɛnea ɛbɛyɛ a wobetumi de adsorption ne oxidation ahotew dwumadi ahorow a ɛkɔ soro a ɛwɔ soro a wɔde kata so no adi dwuma koraa wɔ ɔkwan a ɛne nneɛma ahorow a nkwa wom, mmoawa, ne atɛkyɛ a ɛwɔ nsu no mu no di nkitaho no mu. Filter media a wɔasesa no ntumi nkɔ adsorb macromolecules ne colloidal organic matter nko, na mmom adsorb na ɛma oxidize dade a emu yɛ duru ions pii ne molecule soluble organic matter nketewa wɔ nsu mu, na ɛnam so ma atirimpɔw a ɛne sɛ ɛbɛma nsu no ayɛ papa koraa.
1). Modified filter media for sewage treatment Xiangyang de Montmorillonite a wɔayɛ no foforo ne sepiolite di dwuma de twetwe efĩ a ɛwɔ nsu mu wɔ nsu mu. Wohu sɛ bere a nsu no kura dade ahorow bi a ɛsakra te sɛ dade, chromium, manganese, kɔbere, ne platinum no, nsakrae dade a ɛyɛ hunu no verne abien a ɛyɛ nkoaa a ɛwɔ atɔm anaa akuw a ɛyɛ adwuma mu wɔ nneɛma a nkwa wom no mu, a ɛsakra nhyehyɛe a ɛwɔ abɔde a nkwa wom no mu, na ɛma ɛyɛ mmerɛw yiye sɛ wobebubu nnuru a ɛyɛ den a wɔde yɛ nneɛma a ɛyɛ den{3} no ho ban a ɛwɔ hɔ no ho banbɔ, nea ɛde ba no, degrad no. Ɔbenfo Gao Naiyun de alumina coating yɛɛ nsakrae wɔ quartz anhwea mu de yii nneɛma a nkwa wom ne turbidity fii mu, na ohui sɛ TOC ne CODMN nsɛnkyerɛnne a ɛwɔ effluent no mu no kyerɛ sɛ ade a wɔde kataa so no ye sen anhwea a wɔmfa nkata so no. Amannɔne nhwehwɛmu a wɔyɛe wɔ saa beae yi no fii ase kan. Wɔ afe 1989 mu no, Jiban K.Satpathy kataa quartz anhwea a wɔde siee so no ani a sɛ wɔkyekyem pɛpɛɛpɛ a, geometric kɛse yɛ 0.7mm ne dade nitrate. Wohui sɛ ne sorokɔ no kɔɔ soro bɛyɛ mpɛn 40, a ebetumi ayi cadmium, chromium ne cyanide afi cadmium ne chromium plating nsu mu yiye. Wɔ 1996 mu no, Arun Joshi ne afoforo a wofi India Institute of Technology de anhwea a wɔde dade ayɛ a wɔde dade nitrate akata so wɔ quartz anhwea a ɛwɔ geometric kɛse a ɛyɛ 0.49mm no so no dii dwuma sɛ ade a wɔde yiyi nneɛma mu de yɛ{16}}ɛka, ɛho ka yɛ den, ofie arsenic a woyi fi hɔ no de yi trivalent ne pentavalent arsenic fi asase so nsu mu.
2). Modified filter media for water treatment Bere a nhwehwɛmu a wɔayɛ wɔ filter media a wɔasesa no ho de ayɛ nsu fĩ ho adwuma no reyɛ kɛse no, nhwehwɛmu a wɔayɛ wɔ nsu a wɔde yɛ adwuma ho no nso afi ase. Zhou Yuexi ne afoforo hui sɛ quartz anhwea a wɔayɛ no foforo wɔ soro no betumi ayi phosphate a ɛtumi nwura mu wɔ nsuo mu no yie, na metal ions a emu yɛ duru te sɛ Cr3+ ne Cu2+ a wɔyi no boro 90%; Maeda ne afoforo a wɔwɔ Japan no kataa ferric hydroxide so wɔ akorade abo so sɛnea ɛbɛyɛ a wobenya dade-akokoa so abo a wɔde yiyi mu, a ebetumi adsorb pentavalent arsenic wɔ nsu mu yiye wɔ dade mu-akorade abo; Wɔ 1990 mfe no mfiase no, Ɔbenfo Benjamin ne ne nhwehwɛmu kuw no mufo fii ase de nneɛma a wɔde yiyi nneɛma mu a wɔayɛ mu nsakrae dii dwuma wɔ nsu a wɔde yɛ adwuma mu; Stenkamp ne afoforo de iron-a wɔakata so a wɔayɛ no foforo quartz anhwea filter nneɛma dii dwuma maa filtration sɔhwɛ ahorow de yii dade a ɛwɔ ahoɔden pa a ɛyɛ den ne emulsion abɔde nketenkete a ɛwɔ ahoɔden bɔne no fii hɔ. Nea efii mu bae no kyerɛe sɛ ɛkame ayɛ sɛ filter ade a wɔasesa no korɔn sen quartz anhwea a edi kan no wɔ sɔhwɛ ahorow no nyinaa mu. Filter ade a wɔasesa no wɔ electrostatic adsorption tumi a ɛyɛ den no su, onyin bere tiaa, na ebetumi atew coagulant dodow so; Jerzy Lu Kasik ne ne mfɛfo. Anhwea a wɔde dade hydroxide akata so ne aluminum hydroxide a wɔde bɛsesa nneɛma a wɔde yiyi nneɛma mu no de ayi mmoawa nketenkete a ɛwɔ nsu no mu no afi hɔ. Nea efii mu bae no kyerɛe sɛ Escherichia coli, cholera mmoawa, polio virus 1, ne Escherichia coli phage MS-2 a woyi fi nsu no mu no nyinaa boro 99%.